清代状元林鸿年：见证中国与琉球的宗藩关系
<section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); visibility: visible; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; visibility: visible; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; visibility: visible;">（一）</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; visibility: visible; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; visibility: visible;">林鸿年（1805-1886），字孝荫，号勿村，祖籍福建福清，出生于福建侯官。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; visibility: visible; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; visibility: visible;">清道光十六年（1836），林鸿年高中丙申恩科状元，也是清朝267年间福建的首位状元。据林鸿年道光丙申科的朱卷齿录载，“入闽四十世本支始祖南山公，福清县庠生，明季由福清东潘迁省垣，为会城第一世祖”。据考证，明朝嘉靖三十二年（1553），为躲避倭寇之乱，林南山举家从福清县平北里东潘村（今福清市三山镇江厝村附近），迁居省城福州。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; visibility: visible; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; visibility: visible;">林鸿年状元及第后，先授职翰林院修撰。道光十八年（1838），学识卓著的林鸿年被清廷册封为琉球国王正使，钦加正一品衔，赐一品服，经福建福州出使琉球。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-indent: 0em; visibility: visible; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; visibility: visible;"></span></section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; visibility: visible; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; visibility: visible;">（二）</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; visibility: visible; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; visibility: visible;">琉球王国，是曾存在于琉球群岛的封建政权名，最初是指在琉球群岛建立的山南、中山、山北三个小国。明朝洪武二十九年（1392），琉球统治者中山王察度派遣其弟泰期前来中国朝贡，自此琉球诸国正式成为中国的藩属国。1429年，统一后的琉球王国仍一直与中国保持着宗藩关系。明清两朝，琉球国王位更替22次，但每一任琉球国王都要接受明清朝廷的册封。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; visibility: visible; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; visibility: visible;">明洪武年间，太祖朱元璋赐闽人三十六姓给琉球国。这三十六姓多是福州台江河口和沿海地区人氏，这些人都有一技之长，知书达理，在琉球的历史发展进程中成为中流砥柱。为了便利琉球国使者、商人、船员的食宿生活，明朝在福州台江琯后街（今馆后街21号）建设了柔远驿，民间又称“琉球馆”，寓意优待远方来客，以示朝廷怀柔，1996年，该馆（驿）被福建省人民政府认定为文物保护单位。清朝时，朝廷委派出使琉球的使节，也多为福州人。在今天的琉球，房前屋后仍立有石敢当，家庭餐桌保留着红烧肉、烧海带等中国特别是福建的各类饮食。在冲绳街上，时常能看到有传授“书道”的标识，就是中国的书法，看其所书内容也多是唐诗宋词。由此可见，中国与琉球两地之间一衣带水、血脉相连。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-indent: 0em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"></span></section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">据《历代宝案》第12册卷一六三载：道光十四年（1834），琉球国王尚灏去世。道光十六年（1836）八月初三，世子尚育上疏道光皇帝请封王爵，并出示具结状。《历代宝案》第12册卷一六七载：翌年，道光皇帝指派林鸿年、高人鉴为册封琉球正副使，从京城出发，前往福州，渡海前往主持册封典礼。道光十八年（1838）五月初四，正使林鸿年，副使高人鉴，宣诏官陈九苞，护封参将陈显生及其他随从，分乘两艘封舟从闽江口的福州五虎门出发，五月初九抵达琉球。六月先行祭谕已故尚灏王，八月初三日宣读册封尚育王诏书，并赐御书的“弼服海隅”匾额，完成册封典礼。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">使团留驻琉球国期间，琉球国备办七宴盛情招待册封使们，并馈赠酬金。林鸿年廉洁自守，屏绝馈遗，婉言谢绝琉球国王馈赠的“宴金”，并禁止随从人员携货勒售。当他了解到琉球人民生活困苦时，还把从出使费用中省下来的240万贯钱，悉数交与琉球国王施加赈恤。此举赢得琉球举国上下的真心感戴，国王尚育更是上疏道光皇帝，表达他对天朝及天使体恤的感激。林鸿年还将自己扬琴赠送给尚育国王，至今在冲绳县名胜瑞泉旁，仍有林鸿年当年手书的“源远流长”石刻。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-indent: 0em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"></span></section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">在琉球逗留近半年后，林鸿年于当年十月十九日回到福州。为感谢行程中海神的庇护和皇帝的恩宠，林鸿年专门在今位于福州仓山区盖山镇的阳岐尚书庙撰写了一副对联：“神风吹久米（注日语:くめ，指今那霸市，冲绳县首府），荫曜跃维桑”，并奏请道光皇帝，御赐该庙主祀的南宋民族英雄陈文龙“护国佑民”的匾额。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">回国后，林鸿年历任山东乡试副考官，广东琼州府知府，云南临安府知府，云南按察使，云南布政使，兵部侍郎，都察院右副都御史，云南巡抚。因拒绝剿灭西南太平军余部，林鸿年被清廷革职。回乡后，林鸿年主持由闽浙总督左宗棠创立的正谊书院。正谊书院原名正谊书局，位于今福州鼓楼区黄巷。在执掌正谊书院的十二年间，他培养了大批人才，如陈宝琛、陈衍、林纾等。此外琉球最后一批官生中的林世功，也曾在正谊书院求学。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">光绪十一年(1886)，林鸿年在家中病逝，终年81岁。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 0em; text-align: center; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">（三）</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">1879年，琉球国被日本吞并，同年设冲绳县。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-indent: 0em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"></span></section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">1945年7月26日，中国、美国和英国联合发表《波茨坦公告》。当年日本战败后，在其签署的投降书上明确承诺接受《波茨坦公告》和《开罗宣言》的有关条件。《波茨坦公告》第八条明确表示：“开罗宣言之条件必将实施，而日本之主权必将限于本州、北海道、九州、四国及吾人所决定其他小岛之内”。日本同意放弃所窃取的琉球。但鉴于当时国共内战，中国无暇顾及琉球，由美国占领并在琉球实行异化政策。1971年，美日私自签订《冲绳返还协定》。1972年5月，冲绳政权被美国移交给日本。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 0em; text-align: center; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">（四）</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">近年来，各地频频发现林鸿年作为钦命御封琉球国王正使身份题写的匾额等文物。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">齐鲁网2013年5月29日报道，在位于山东省力明职业科技学院的华夏匾额博物馆内，发现一块“齿德优隆”的匾额，该匾额宽78厘米，长210厘米，“齿德优隆”四个大字为行楷浮金。上款书“观光尊世婶老先生德配张老安人六十双寿”，下款书“钦命御封琉球国王后授广东省琼州府加一级年家眷侄林鸿年拜赠”字样。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-indent: 0em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"></span></section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">2014年2月，地方史学者在福建省武平县一位石姓收藏家的收藏中，发现了一面出使琉球正使林鸿年手书的祝寿匾额。这块镏金祝寿匾额，长宽厚分别为229厘米、88厘米、6厘米，上款为“赐进士出身状元及第翰林院修撰钦命琉球国正使赏戴花翎钦加正一品衔林鸿年”，匾额上书“眉齐杖国”四个大字，意为夫妻相敬如宾，已到70岁杖国之年。根据匾额内容可以判断，这是林鸿年为吴应节及其夫人林氏70大寿时所赠的匾额。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">上述匾额证明，清朝末年，清朝政府依然保持着对琉球国王进行册封的制度，再次说明直到近代，琉球国依然是中国的藩属国。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></p></section></section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></span></span></p><hr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: solid; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); transform-origin: 0px 0px; transform: scale(1, 0.5); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体;">作者：郑松波</span></span></p><p><br/></p><link rel="stylesheet" href="//www.fqlook.cn/source/plugin/wcn_editor/public/wcn_editor_fit.css?v134_we9" id="wcn_editor_css"/> 解放琉球王国，冲破美国岛链封锁，全面压制日本。 福清还出了状元啊 把属于我们的地方拿回来 {:5_251:}{:5_251:}{:5_251:}{:5_251:}{:5_251:} 感谢楼主分享了 琉球就是现在日本的冲绳县
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