福清历代知县（四）叶梦熊：治邑显风采，平叛定边关
<p></p><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; justify-content: center; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap; visibility: visible; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 10px 0px 15px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; display: inline-block; width: 556px; vertical-align: top; align-self: flex-start; flex: 0 0 auto; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: 48.8703%; background-attachment: scroll; height: auto; background-image: url(https://www.fqlook.cn/plugin.php?id=wcn_editor:wx_img&url=https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/diaXEtZWWnkCBmdAaXRKuGEao18jBoKzdYib4zg5IN7jpPSianZJzxmtwkblSiambfRulctpPDIFZW3mj6tBf7IiagA/640?wx_fmt=png); visibility: visible;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; text-align: left; justify-content: flex-start; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap; visibility: visible;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 25px 20px 20px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; width: 556px; vertical-align: top; align-self: flex-start; flex: 0 0 auto; visibility: visible; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; text-align: justify; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 14px; visibility: visible;"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; visibility: visible; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;">编者按</strong>：唐圣历二年（699），析长乐县南八乡置万安县，以八乡中的万安乡取名，属泉州（今福州）。后唐长兴四年（933），闽王王延钧称帝，升福州为长乐府，根据“山自永福里，水自清源里，会于治所”一语中“永福”“清源”各取一字，改福唐县为福清县，福清县名沿用至今。<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; visibility: visible; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">据不完全统计，自安政首任万安（福清）县令，至清末光绪年间最后一位福清知县王家驹，1200多年间，累计有264名县令[知县、达噜花赤(知州）]在福清履职。他们虽处封建时代，但在福清期间，坚守为官本分，治绩闻于当朝，廉能蜚声官场，深得福清民众爱戴。为褒扬其政声，弘扬正能量，“知福清”将组织并陆续推出“福清历代知县”系列文章，敬请关注。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; visibility: visible; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;"/></p></section></section></section></section></section><p></p><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); visibility: visible; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; visibility: visible; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; visibility: visible; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; visibility: visible; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; visibility: visible;">叶梦熊（1538-1598），字男兆，号龙塘，又号华云，广东惠州府归善县万石里(今广东省惠州市惠城区)人，明朝名臣、一代儒将。自出任福建福清知县起步，官至兵部尚书、南京工部尚书、太子少保。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; visibility: visible; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; visibility: visible;">传说叶梦熊生有异征，头骨隆起，双眸炯炯如电。少时和乡里同伴嬉游，即有号召力，小伙伴们对他惟命是从。他还养鹰犬为戏，鹰犬皆被他驯服，大家都看出这少年叶梦熊天生非凡。叶梦熊读书过目不忘，一日读书于西湖，遇到一位异士，预言他今后勋业当代无双。</span></p><section style="margin: 8px 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-indent: 0em; text-align: center; visibility: visible; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; visibility: visible;"></span></section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">叶梦熊年十六为邑庠生，为文有气概。明嘉靖四十年（1561）中举人，嘉靖四十四年（1565）登进士。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">叶梦熊初仕为福建福清知县。当时福清习俗，民间有事，多入官府，以求判断曲直。而衙门的官吏上下串通作弊，借机谋取私利，以致相习成风，吏治败坏，百姓怨怒。叶梦熊到任后，首先严肃法纪，规定在官之人必须严以律己，不得利用职权以私害公，违者严惩；并带头身体力行，作出表率。自此，上下吏员不敢以私犯公，官风民风为之一变，全县大治。据《福清县志》乾隆丁卯本（1747）赞曰“令是邑，严明有风采”。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">明朝嘉靖后期，福清等沿海地区屡遭倭患。叶梦熊出任福清知县之前数年，戚继光率军两度入融，荡平倭寇，海疆始安。但倭寇给福清带来了巨大灾难。乾隆版《福清县志》载，“嘉靖三十七年，毁于倭。隆庆元年（1568），知县叶梦熊重建”，“先是，邑治草创，梦熊廓而更新之”，“县正堂，……嘉靖戊午四月，毁于倭火。隆庆元年，知县叶梦熊建正堂，稍迁旧址，向覆釜山，匾曰‘忠爱堂’。后堂匾曰‘寅恭堂’。复仪门旧制，前建鼓楼，门稍移近西”。叶梦熊到任后，组织民众重建家园，包括重建了被倭寇焚毁的县衙。当年的县衙所在地，就在今福清市委市政府大院内。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-indent: 0em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"></span></section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">叶梦熊十分重视士民教育，《福清县志》乾隆版有载，“邑城东北失险，为增串楼三十余间，皆佐以公币之余，民不知役。时临泮宫，讲经课艺，范以驰驱，民风丕变”。知县经常亲临学堂为生员授课，或许并不多见。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">另据《福清县志》记载，叶梦熊还主持修建过福清城隍庙。志中一篇叶向高《福清县重修城隍庙记》载，“吾邑城隍庙创自宋康定间，入明而况侯璟、陆侯从大、罗侯向辰、叶侯梦熊先后修葺，皆贤令也”。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">叶梦熊在福清担任知县仅三年，就以廉能卓异、政绩显著闻名远近，在仕途上一路开挂，飞黄腾达。隆庆二年（1568），他擢升户部主事。不久，改任山西道监察御史，论列大政，刚正无私，不避权贵。隆庆四年（1570），他认为“敌情叵测”，不可轻信，上谏朝廷极力反对朝廷受降封贡元朝后裔、鞑靼部首领俺答汗，因逆当权人物大学士高拱、张居正之意，被贬黜外放，降为陕西郃阳（今作合阳）县丞。在郃阳两年，深得民心，升河南归德府推官。离任之时，百姓依依不舍，立“去思碑”以作纪念。</span></p><section style="margin: 8px 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-indent: 0em; text-align: center; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"></span></section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">此后，叶梦熊历任南京户部主事，督理凤阳仓。万历二年（1574），转任户部郎中，不久升任江西赣州知府。母忧归乡后，补安庆知府。万历十年（1582），叶梦熊晋升云南副使，备兵金腾。未到任，改任浙江巡海兵使。当时沿海警报频频，屡有倭寇犯扰。叶至四明（今浙江宁波）、舟山等地，尽召外海渔船，编次界限，勒为部伍，教技击、缮器械，使倭寇难犯，沿海晏然。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">此时，北部、东北部边境的蒙古各部对明王朝时顺时逆，反复无常，朝廷下诏求征治边人才。台省均交章推举叶梦熊，七上其名。两年后，叶梦熊调永平道（今河北卢龙）兵备。刚到任，即建议督府王一鹗“破敌莫如车战火攻。边事久驰，宜依古式制轻车神炮”，并提供车炮图式制法。在中国火器发展史上，叶梦熊创制的这种车载炮称“叶公神铳”。在此之前，戚继光所造的战车车身太重，“宜于守而不宜于战”，而叶梦熊的车炮则轻便得多，往来便捷。这种火器，成为晚明军事史上克敌制胜的最有效武器，也让叶梦熊在战事上屡建奇功。恰逢辽东战事告急，轻车神炮运至战场，锋芒初试，敌众披靡，官军大胜。朝廷下诏慰劳，升叶梦熊为左参政。万历十四年（1586）评考，在全国外官考核中，叶梦熊以廉能、治绩第一，皇帝亲自赐宴，以资鼓励。在任六年，敌不敢犯边。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">此后，叶梦熊历任山东按察使，贵州、陕西、甘肃巡抚等职，所到之处军威大振，敌人闻声远遁。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">叶梦熊一生最大的功绩，就是平定哱拜叛乱。万历二十年（1592），宁夏副总兵哱拜，并联络附近蒙古部起兵叛乱，刺杀巡抚，胁迫宗室，连陷河西47堡，全陕震动。朝廷委派兵部尚书魏学曾总督陕、延、宁、甘四镇军务平叛，但敌势浩大，难有进展。叶梦熊“慷慨以杀贼自任”，洒泪上疏，主动向朝廷请战。尔后日夜兼程与魏学曾会合。他亲自率军与敌搏战，士卒人人争先。敌退守宁夏镇城，双方相持形成僵局。不久，魏学曾因师久无功，被以“玩寇”罪弹劾削职。叶梦熊受命代行其职，并赐“尚方宝剑”，督兵奋战。叶梦熊智勇双全，施以水攻、炮击和离间之计，数月即攻破城池，哱拜自缢，宁夏平定。叶梦熊因功升左都御史，但居功不傲，“让曾及诸将敢战者”，勒石贺兰山。</span></p><section style="margin: 8px 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-indent: 0em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"></span></section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">万历二十五年（1597），吏部评考治边有功者，升叶梦熊为兵部尚书。同年十月，蒙古卜失兔部犯定边（今陕西定边），被击退，叶以有功加太子少保。后转任南京工部尚书。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">万历二十六年（1598）六月，叶梦熊逝世。据《明实录》记载，独爱叶梦熊的明神宗朱翊钧嗟悼不已，马上遣官谕祭葬，备诸恤典，加赠少保（从一品）。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">叶梦熊文韬武略，所著甚丰，有《华云集》《五镇奏疏》《筹边议》《战车录》《运筹决胜纲目》等传世，部分被清代编纂的《四库全书提要》收入。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">叶梦熊初以文官入道，任职从福建福清这片“有福之地”起步。当福清县令时，即以廉能著称，以后东调西任，皆有杰出政绩，史称“廉能第一”，留下很好口碑。后半生则从文官向武将华丽转变，以辉煌战绩载入《明史》。清乾隆版《福清县志》赞其“生平忠劲，多猷略，有边功”。杨起元所撰《墓表》则以“圣贤”称之，赞其胸襟高旷，急流勇退，韬略过人但自谦如此。历代名人诗词乃至民间传说、民间歌谣等，亦多有记颂。在广东惠州，叶梦熊与同时代的叶萼、叶春及、李学一、杨起元五人，以其学术成就及道德事功，被尊称为“湖上五先生”，清朝雍正年间曾于西湖边上立“五先生祠”祀之。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></span></p><hr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; border-style: solid; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); transform-origin: 0px 0px; transform: scale(1, 0.5); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; text-indent: 0em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">作者：郑松波</span></section></section><p><br/></p><link rel="stylesheet" href="//www.fqlook.cn/source/plugin/wcn_editor/public/wcn_editor_fit.css?v134_a8e" id="wcn_editor_css"/> 了解了解福清的历史 感谢你的科普 感谢分享
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