叶向高文化（十四）从崇祯谥文看叶向高历史功绩
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">明朝天启七年（1627）农历八月二十九日，叶向高病逝，享年68岁。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">1628年，明思宗朱由检即位。崇祯二年（1629），朝廷为叶向高追赠太师，谥号文忠，并颁赐《谥文》。全文如下：</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">“叶向高两入中书，综今博古，代言有体，可谓曰文。再接纶扉，再疏吁谟远计。凡用人、理财、筹边、议饷、减税、救荒、补牍，殆无虚日。至于推点阁员、允合推贤，为国之忠。而册立东朝，及福藩之国二事，赞成调剂，备极苦心，尤忠在国本矣。”</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"></span></p><p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">《谥文》不足百字，却高度评价了叶向高“两入中书”的显赫政绩和可贵的政治品格。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">笔者谨以叶向高巨著《苍霞草全集》、叶向高年谱《蘧编》为主要依循，对崇祯皇帝的《谥文》试作梳理，冀以了解叶向高一生的主要功绩。</span></p><p></p><section style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; text-align: center; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"></span></section><section style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; text-align: center; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></span></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; display: inline-block; width: 498.188px; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgba(255, 217, 156, 0.43); border-width: 0px; border-radius: 1px; border-style: none; border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62); overflow: hidden;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap;"><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: auto; flex: 100 100 0%; align-self: center; height: auto;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 1px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(242, 176, 69); line-height: 1; letter-spacing: 1px;"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">一</strong>｜佑护国本,报国第一事</p></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 55px; align-self: center; flex: 0 0 auto; height: auto;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: -13px 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; text-align: center;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; line-height: 0;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">所谓“国本”，在封建帝制下，皇帝册立皇长子为太子成为皇位继承人，其余诸子应分赴藩地为王（旧称“藩王之国”），不争太子，不留京都宫城。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; text-align: center; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"></span></p><p></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; text-align: center; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; text-indent: 30px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">崇祯皇帝</span></span></section><p></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">崇祯皇帝对叶向高的评价，最突出的如《谥文》所写“尤忠在国本”。叶向高佑护国本的功绩，主要体现在册立东朝、福藩之国两件大事上。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">明神宗皇帝朱翊钧（1563-1620），年号万历，1572至1620年在位48年，是明代在位时间最长的皇帝。神宗十岁即位，初始由张居正辅佐执政，推行一条鞭法，治理黄河，国势渐强，后期亲政之后，却不常视朝，大肆营建，挥霍无度，又委派宦官到地方以矿监税之名搜刮民脂民膏，激起广大人民的奋力反抗。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">在册立东朝（册立太子）这件关乎“国本”大事上，叶向高全力拼争，护佑纲常。因为皇长子朱常洛系宫女王氏所生，神宗又最宠郑贵妃及其所生皇三子朱常洵，在持续15年时间里，神宗多次意图“废长立幼”，想立皇三子朱常洵为太子，引发了“国本”之政争。据文史学家赵映林先生记述，仅在“册立东朝”的激烈政争中，就有4位首辅、10多名部级高官先后离去，牵涉的各级官员达300多人，被罢官、降职、发配的有100多人。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">叶向高悉力推动册立太子之事，分为两个阶段。第一阶段，以“上疏”武器挺身力争。明万历二十八年（1599），叶向高还在南京留都的礼部右侍郎任上，便有接连二奏，即《请举册立大礼疏》《请举册立再疏》（《纶扉奏草》卷一第四、第五疏），提出皇长子朱常洛茂龄，“今已十九”，“当婚未婚，当冠未冠，当册立未册立”，连续三个“未”有，表明此事在中国历史上绝无仅有，坚决要求万历皇帝应“早一日”为皇长子册立太子，且“今事势已极，万不可缓”。</span></p><p></p><section style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0em; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"></span></section><p></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">第二阶段，以入阁之便持续力争。万历三十五年（1607），叶向高升任礼部尚书、东阁大学士。万历三十六年（1608）后，一人主持阁务达七年之久，人称“独相”。作为皇长子朱常洛的老师，尤其入阁为“独相”后，叶向高更是坚定站在“护国本”立场上，矢志克力不遂，仅为“东宫开讲、出讲、讲学”而上疏的就达14次之多（《纶扉奏草》卷一《东宫开讲揭》《东宫出讲揭》《东宫讲学揭》）。朱常洛被册立为皇太子及其后的十多年间，叶向高始终遵循国家固有制度，全力做好各方调停和维护工作。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">其次是力促“福藩之国”。从1601年朱常洛勉强册立，到1614年终于迫使福王朱常洵“启行”前往河南洛阳的封地，为捍卫皇太子朱常洛的皇位继承人地位，防止郑贵妃等人复辟反扑，叶向高又斗智斗勇，全过程地持续艰苦战斗了13年。其间，叶向高多次“密言于上”，“竭力调护”，并妥善处理了“巫蛊案”，使得“天下恬然无事”“国法国体两尽而无伤”，既维护了皇家的面子，又保全了大明的江山。</span></p><p></p><section style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; text-align: center; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"></span></section><p></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">无论“册立东朝”，还是“福藩之国”，两件大事的最终顺利达成，都具有高度的历史、政治意义，而叶向高都为此付出了巨大心力。从政生涯上的这两件大事，叶向高也称之为“一言回天，所全实大。此是五六年间报国第一事”（1613年年谱）。崇祯把这两件事突出地写在“叶向高谥文”中，就是对叶向高赫然政绩的客观评价，无一字一语溢词矣。</span></p><p></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; display: inline-block; width: 519.261px; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgba(255, 217, 156, 0.43); border-width: 0px; border-radius: 1px; border-style: none; border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62); overflow: hidden;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap;"><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: auto; flex: 100 100 0%; align-self: center; height: auto;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 1px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(242, 176, 69); line-height: 1; letter-spacing: 1px;"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">二</strong>｜勤于国事，“殆无虚日”</p></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 55px; align-self: center; flex: 0 0 auto; height: auto;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: -13px 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; text-align: center;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; line-height: 0;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">明太祖朱元璋洪武废宰相，明成祖朱棣永乐设内阁。对这些明王朝政治体制改革中的大事，历史大师褒贬不一。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">万历三十五年（1607）叶向高入阁，其时“与推者7人”（于阿东、孙富平、刘任丘、赵济南、晋江李、晋江杨、叶向高）。仅仅到了第二年，就因种种缘由，整个内阁只剩下叶向高一人在岗，被称“独相”。</span></p><p></p><section style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0em; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"></span></section><p></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">在当时国事艰困，万历皇帝不再临朝问政的情势之下，叶向高仍然“独身任事”“在事八年”（万历朝）和首辅四年（天启朝），先后拟成奏疏911本（一说“奏疏约850封”），其中《纶扉奏草》30卷696本，《续纶扉奏草》14卷215本。正如叶向高自念所言，“是后，每数日辄一揭请，不胜书矣”“余苦请于上，疏揭无数”。此外，还有叶向高还拟写了官场“尺牍”27卷833篇（《前纶扉尺牍》）17卷386篇，其中《答》375篇，《与》11篇；《后纶扉尺牍》10卷447篇，其中《答》392篇，《与》55篇。数年之间，辅政条陈、处理国事难以胜数。况且上言之难，难以言语，就如叶向高所记，“余为此，废寝忘餐，呕心沥胆，所为婉言、直言、危言、苦言，以请于上者，无所不至”（1614年年谱）。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">作为封建王朝的一个阁臣，在皇帝极端“怠政”情况下，叶向高依然君国为重、奉公以勤，连万历神宗皇帝都不由地为之深情感慨，认为叶向高“独任忠勤，从来未有”。崇祯皇帝在“谥文”中，更以“殆无虚日”四字赞叹。可以说，举目神州，历代历朝，入仕为官上言近千，且其中又多智慧之光，可能很少有比叶向高更多的了。</span></p><p></p><section style="margin: 10px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0em; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"></span></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; display: inline-block; width: 498.188px; vertical-align: top; background-color: rgba(255, 217, 156, 0.43); border-width: 0px; border-radius: 1px; border-style: none; border-color: rgb(62, 62, 62); overflow: hidden;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; display: flex; flex-flow: row nowrap;"><section style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: auto; flex: 100 100 0%; align-self: center; height: auto;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px 1px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(242, 176, 69); line-height: 1; letter-spacing: 1px;"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">三｜为国之忠，“吁谟远计”</strong></p></section></section><section style="margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 55px; align-self: center; flex: 0 0 auto; height: auto;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="margin: -13px 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; text-align: center;"><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; line-height: 0;"></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0em; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></span></section><p></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">崇祯《谥文》概要列出了叶向高忠勤辅政的七个方面，“凡用人、理财、筹边、议饷、减税、救荒、补牍”，其中最为紧要的，或者说叶向高最为成功的，当是“用人”“推点阁员”，并以此维持国家管理机构的正常运转。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">明初废宰相，中期设内阁。特别是叶向高入阁且七年“独相”后，更觉政事推进中无人协力襄助的艰难。对此，叶向高不仅不恋“独相”之位之尊，反而年年提请《请补阁臣》《请补大僚》，至少数十疏，“推点阁员，允合推贤”，终被崇祯《谥文》誉为“为国之忠”“吁谟远计”的重举首举。经历前后七年多时间，直到1614年方从哲到位，叶向高才结束“只身受事七年”的首辅生涯，得以“谢政归来”。</span></p><p></p><section style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0em; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"></span></section><p></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">至于“理财、筹边、议饷、减税、救荒、补牍”方面的具体作为与主要政绩，从叶向高的“奏草”“尺牍”中也可领略一斑。赵映林先生在《试析晚明困局与困局中的叶向高》《独相叶向高主政重抓大事》两篇文章中，详细论述了面对晚明政治与财政两大危机，叶向高所做的巨大努力和重大贡献，其中“动用内币稳定财经形势”，即是理财、筹边、议饷之综合施策，既解决士兵困难、稳住军心，也减轻百姓税赋，无疑给摇摇欲坠的晚明王朝注入了一针“缓释剂”。林秋明在《叶向高的辅国思想》一文中详述“安辽民”“轻赋税”“补缺员”“调党争”“倡节俭”“学西学”六个方面政绩，尹峻的《叶向高的民本思想与人才观》，亦是参读有益。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">当然，崇祯《谥文》之外，叶向高还有诸多重大建树，且待另文再述。</span></p><p></p><section style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0em; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"></span></section><section style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0em; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></span></section><p></p><hr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; border-style: solid; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); transform-origin: 0px 0px; transform: scale(1, 0.5); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0em; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: 15px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">作者叶立俊</span></p><p><br/></p><link rel="stylesheet" href="//www.fqlook.cn/source/plugin/wcn_editor/public/wcn_editor_fit.css?v134_czz" id="wcn_editor_css"/>
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