叶向高文化（五）:朴素的辩证唯物史观
<section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></section><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p><br/></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">在一些人的印象里，叶向高开辟福清福庐、灵岩，为黄檗寺请经，重建石竹山九仙楼、瑞岩山石佛阁，以灵石山苍霞亭作为自己文集名，首请艾儒略到福建传教，为利玛窦奏请赐地安葬于北京，似是其思想深处，没有摆脱有神论的束缚。实际上，叶向高的思想是复杂的、多元的，特别是其具有的朴素辩证唯物史观，在当时的封建士大夫中，是极其难能可贵的。</section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">1、朴素的辩证法思想</section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">叶向高哲学理念的一个核心思维，即《易经》之“易”理。用今天的话，叶向高推崇的“易”理，就是万物无时无处不在变化之中。这个哲学理念，反对形而上学关于世界是孤立的、不变的观点，与马克思主义辩证法原理，即关于世界是变化的、联系的、发展的观点是一致的。</section><p><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p><br/></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">叶向高认为“天下大器，久则必弊”，“治”与“乱”都处在不断的变化发展中，以此来劝诫万历皇帝“奋然振作，简任老成，布列朝署，取积年废弛政事，一举新之”，避免王朝败亡之祸。知古鉴今，以史资政，也是叶向高研究哲学“学而致用”作风的经常性做法。</section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">2、明晰的唯物史观</section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">叶向高一生中，有比较浓厚的无神论思想萌芽。比如，我们从其自撰的《蘧编》一书中，可以看到他为福清名山胜迹的重光出力，但更注重于自然景观。他在《苍霞余草》（卷二）中记述开辟福庐山，洋洋数百字，完全从自然景观着眼，无一字提及对佛的尊崇。</section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">叶向高的唯物史观，更表现在对天神造化、“圣人出”等唯心主义观点的全面否定上。</section><p><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p><br/></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">素有“西来孔子”之誉的意大利传教士艾儒略于1610年来到中国，其中在福建传播天主教长达25年，与叶向高等人交往颇深。艾儒略在其著述的《三山论学记》中，收录了当时致仕阁臣叶向高、闽中名士曹学佺与自己关于宇宙万物、人性善恶、中西文化等方面问题的对话。叶向高针对艾儒略“天主缔造天地万物”之说，提出了反驳，清晰地表露了相似于当今“物质第一性”理论的萌芽。</section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">叶向高与艾儒略的三山（代指福州）论学，是中国传统儒学与西方天主教在道德伦理、宗教教义层面的一场直接对话，是建立在普世道德价值共识之上的中西交流，促进了中西先进文化的融合发展，其中也比较集中地体现了叶向高的唯物主义哲学思想。</section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">3、可贵的扬弃精神</section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">辩证的否定观是马克思哲学的重要方法论。辩证的否定观认为,每个事物的发展都要经历肯定到否定,然后从否定再到否定之否定的过程。辩证否定观的实质，就是扬弃。这种扬弃，不是全盘肯定或全盘否定，而是“取其精华，去其糟粕”，在批判、继承的基础上的创新发展。</section><p><br/></p><p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p><br/></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">叶向高的哲学思想师承于朱子理学，但对其中不当之论，又能够予以否定。在四百年前“宋明理学”盛行的晚明时代，敢于否定朱熹否定权威，体现了了不起的先进理念，也展示了“唯真理是从”的思想追求。</section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">“世事洞明皆学问，人情练达即文章”。叶向高作为三朝名相，其处事为人、传世文著，是今天我们进一步研究叶向高文化的主要载体。而作为叶向高文化的重要基石，我们了解他的中庸之道及其思想根源，了解他的朴素的辩证唯物史观，对于更好地去探索叶向高的生平，走进叶向高的心灵，弘扬叶向高的精神，当有十分重要的历史意义和现实意义。</section><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-indent: 2em; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></section><p><br/></p><hr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: solid; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); transform-origin: 0px 0px; transform: scale(1, 0.5); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/><p><br/></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px;">作者：俞达珠</span></section><p><br/></p><p><br/></p><link rel="stylesheet" href="//www.fqlook.cn/source/plugin/wcn_editor/public/wcn_editor_fit.css?v134_czz" id="wcn_editor_css"/>
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