叶向高文化（三）：叶向高的“民本”主张
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 17px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: 32px; line-height: 25.5px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">民本思想是传统儒家治国思想的重要组成部分，其基本特征是君以民为本，民以君为安。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">封建统治者奉民本为治国之术，把民本思想限定在封建统治秩序和伦理之中，并随着时代变化，不断赋予民本新的含义。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 17px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: 32px; line-height: 25.5px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">民本思想在中国古代社会可谓是源远流长。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">《尚书·盘庚》就记载了“施实德于民”“重我民”等说法。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">周代则是“爱知小民之依，能保惠于庶民”。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">到了春秋战国时期，随着社会的动荡，民本思想得到了极大的发展，孔子主张“道千乘之国，敬事而信，节用爱人，使民以时。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">”孟子则提出“民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻”“得乎立民而为天子”。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">荀子将君民比作舟水，“君者，舟也；</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">庶人者，水也。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">水则载舟，水则覆舟。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">”墨子在《兼爱》中认为民乃立国之本，主张“现万民之身，后为己身”。</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 17px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: 32px; line-height: 25.5px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">叶向高在他入阁初时，就将“以民为本”作为其辅政思想的核心，所谓“民不安，国必乱”。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">在看待民众的问题上，明朝人的主张是多方面的，其中较重要的是“同民”说，即在思想情感或其他具体问题上与民众保持一致。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">叶向离的民本思想具有以下两个特点：</span></p><p style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 17px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: 32px; line-height: 25.5px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">一是恤民，关心民众的疾苦。</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;"></span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">当国内灾荒连年时，叶向高多次上疏奏请皇帝关心民间的灾情，并向皇帝谏议如何安置灾民。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">他说百姓“穷迫之后，何事不可为，相聚为乱，迫近国门”，江南地区“淫雨连绵，江湖泛涨”，各郡“皆被潝没，周回千余里茫然巨浸，二麦垂成而颗粒不登，秧苗将插而寸土难艺，圩岸无不冲决， 庐舍无不倾颓。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">暴骨漂尸，悽凉满尽，弃妻失子，号哭震天”，“街衢市肆尽成长河，舟航偏于陆地，鱼鳖游于人家”，这是“二百年来未有之灾也”。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">叶向高每读到“江淮以北，如陕西、河南等处又旱魃为虐，赤地千里”。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">如此以来“百姓从何安生”的奏疏时便“不觉潸然泣下”，内心如焚，不禁惊呼“天之虐斯民一何甚哉？</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">”叶向高认为，世间万物皆为天地所生，民作为万物之灵，更应该得到特别地呵护与关心，以延续上天生民之大德。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">因此，他为了天下民生不只一次的“烦渎圣上”，劝其“诸凡不急之务，悉皆停免，以固结民心，使有乐生之望。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">”在这里的“不急之务”， 就是指各种巧立名目的苛捐杂税。</span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 17px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: 32px; line-height: 25.5px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">面对明末天灾人祸，人民的饥贫惨状，叶向高为维护封建统治，不激怒民愤，不断地向皇帝呈上灾伤奏疏：</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">“水旱之害最切于民生，尤非他之变异可比”。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">当时全国各地水旱灾交替发生，且一年甚于一年，“旱灾已半天下，又值旧岁凶荒之后，各地方稍有赢余，皆搜括已尽，更无堪动钱粮可以支发，直坐而待毙”，与此同时，“人盘南来者，皆言自徐州以北阴雨连绵，陆地皆成巨浸，田畴潝没，禾黍绝收，而又到处蝗虫群飞蔽天，所过之地，千里如扫，盖从来天灾之频仍，生灵之困苦未有如今岁者”。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">面对灾情，叶向高敢于劝皇上“发币开仓”，即动用中央金库和中央粮仓，同时又谏议“将北直隶、山东、山西、河南税银再留一年，命地方官“多方赈恤”，“庶千百万之生灵不至尽转沟壑，亦不至甘为盗贼”。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">这些都说明了叶向高以足实为养民的思想，这实质上也是传统的“敬天保民”思想的另一种表达和具体化。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;"> </span></p><p></p><section style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 17px; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.5px; text-align: center; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><p></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 17px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: 32px; line-height: 25.5px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">二是富民，即让老百姓富足。</span></strong><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">具体地表现为：</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">对于王公贵族的封地太滥，叶向高采取多种方式予以尽力抵制。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">万历皇帝由于偏宠福王，本想赐给福王座田四百万亩，但在叶向高的竭力上疏劝谏下，不得不减少一半，改赐二百万亩给福王。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">对于王公贵族的奢侈浪费行为，叶向高与万历进行了一番激烈地争辩，当万历皇帝要求 对瑞王的婚礼高规格地操办并着工部侍郎王汝训离太仆寺借钱时，叶向高说：</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">“婚礼费用浩繁必不可少，则有皇上与潞玉之成规在，昔可以少，今何以多”？</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">他希望“皇上肯节一分，即为国家留一分之用”，以减少“百凡难处”的“府库空虚”。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">尤其对于万历皇帝的奢侈行为，叶向高据理力争，万历三十八年，皇上要求“龙袍紵丝等项，皆年例上用”，“各节令所费不赀”，对于“先年传织未完的，着照该局原题数目，准陆续按织完”，“不许停减”。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">叶向高对于万历皇帝这样的浪费，从“东南灾伤之后，民力已竭，不堪朘削”的角度来劝诫皇上能够“念民力之难供，察外帑之已竭”，“大加裁减，以昭宽恤之恩于国计民生”，皇上若“节省一分”，“则生灵便受一分之赐”，人民也得以从繁重的苛捐杂税中松一口气。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">此外，叶向高为惜民力、民财还力谏皇帝停止一些无谓的浪费：</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">如在“止神器揭”中，他就认为“此器之为无用，昭然可见”。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">又如在“请止陈永寿补给钱粮揭”中，极力反对给内官补给多余的费用。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">这些都反映了叶向高的安养民生和藏富于民的思想，“保国之道，藏富于民。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">民富则亲，民贫则离，民之贫富，国之休戚系焉。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">”</span></p><p></p><section style="margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-indent: 0em; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 17px; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; text-align: center; line-height: 25.5px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"></section><p></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 17px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: 32px; line-height: 25.5px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;">总之，叶向高的“民本”，只是作为维护统治的一个重要手段，它是从君主及其“家天下”的利益出发的，也正因为如此，叶向高的“民本”思想并不妨碍极端专制思想及其制度的存在和发展。</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-family: 宋体; line-height: 24px; font-size: 16px;"></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; min-height: 1em; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 17px; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: 32px; line-height: 25.5px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-size: 15px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/></span></p><hr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-style: solid; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); transform-origin: 0px 0px; transform: scale(1, 0.5); box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"/><p></p><section style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0em; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 17px; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 25.5px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(113, 65, 16); line-height: 1.8; font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Helvetica Neue, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei UI, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif;">节选自尹峻《忍辱负重——试论叶向高的为官之道》</span></section><p></p><p><br/></p><link rel="stylesheet" href="//www.fqlook.cn/source/plugin/wcn_editor/public/wcn_editor_fit.css?v134_czz" id="wcn_editor_css"/>
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